W.G. Archer
The Loves of Krishna
(1957),
Allen & Unwin.
Sri Aurobindo
On the Mahabharata
(Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry,
1991)
Contains detailed analyses of authorship of the epic and translations
from the Sabha, Virata and Udyoga Parvas.
Sri Aurobindo
Introduction to the Gita
in Mother India
This is an English translation of his Bengali "Gitaar Bhumikaa", written
soon after release from the Alipore Jail, and is very readable and short.
Unfortunately, it has not been published as a book but is available in the
following issues of the monthly journal published from Sri Aurobindo Ashram,
"Mother India".
December 1998, January 1999, April 1999 to May 2000.
1.The Dharma of the Gita (transl. by
Niranjan)...Dec.1998
2.Asceticism and renunciation (transl. by
Niranjan)...Jan. 1999
3.The Vision of the world Spirit (transl. by
Niranjan)...Apr.1999
4.The Gita: An Introduction ( transl by S.
K. Bannerji)...May, 1999
5. The Listener......Jun. 1999
6.to 11 ...(Translated by S.K. Bannerji)..Jul.1999 to Dec 1999
Elaine Aron
Samraj
(NEL, Hodder & Stoughton)
G. D. Bakshi
Mahabharata, a military analysis
Saroj Bharadwaj
The concept of Daiva in the Mahabharata
(1992),
Nag Publishers, New Delhi.
A. L. Basham
The Wonder that was India
(1964),
Grove Press, New York.
Subramania Bharati
Draupadis Vow - an epyllion
(Tamil). English translation by Dr. Prema Nandakumar,
(unpublished).
Manoranjan Bhattacharya
Chakravyuha (in Bengali)
English transcreation of significant passages by
Pradip Bhattacharya available
here
Pradip Bhattacharya
Sudhisankar Bhattacharya
Imagery in the MBH: influence on later Sanskrit
literature
Calcutta, Pustak Bhandar, 1971.
S.L. Bhyrappa
Parva
(Kannada; English translation from Sahitya Akademi)
Buddhadeb Bose
Mahabharater Katha
(1974) Englished by Prof. Sujit Mukherjee as The Book of Yudhishthir
(Sangam Books, Hyderabad, 1986).
The first serious attempt to establish Yudhishthira as the protagonist of
the epic, which A. Hiltebeitel pursues in his Rethinking the
Mahabharata: The education of Yudhishthira (University of Chicago Press,
2001)
Buddhadeb Bose
Three Mahabharata Verse Plays
(in Bengali)
English translation by
Kanak Kanti De.
Mary Brockington and Peter Schreiner (eds.)
Composing a tradition: concepts, techniques and relationships
contents:
Y. Vassilkov: Kalavada, the doctrine of cyclical time in the MBH and the concept of heroic didactics.
H. Brinkhaus: cyclical determinism and the development of the trimurti doctrine.
G. von Simson: narrated time and its relation to the supposed year myth in mbh
M. Hara: atman in the gita as interpreted by shankara
F. Brassard: the concept of buddhi in the gita
M. Brockington: the art of backwards composition in Ramayana
M. Brockington: the process of growth of the Ram: why and why not
John Brockington: Formulae in Ram--an index of orality
Renate Sohnen-Thieme: On the composition of the Dyutaparvan in MBH
A. Hiltebeitel: reconsidering bhriguization (excellent).
Iwona Milewska: 2 modern film versions of MBH: similarities and differences between an Indian and a European approach
G. Bailey: Intertextuality in Puranas
D. Feller Jatavallabhula: The theft of the soma
P. Koskikallio: The horse sacrifice in the Patalakhanda of the Padmapurana
K. Gonc Moacanin: Natya vs. epic literaure--relationships between classical Indian theatre and MBH, Ram, HV and some Puranas
P. Schreiner: Bhagavatapurana as model for the Satsangijivanam (on Swaminarayan sect beliefs
Krishna Chaitanya
The Mahabharata : A Literary Study
Clarion Books, Delhi (1985).
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Krishna Charitra
(English translation
by Pradip Bhattacharya ,
M.P. Birla Foundation, Calcutta, 1991)
The first proper study of Krishna, published in 1894 in Bengali. He
concentrates on removing all the supernatural gobbledygook that has
obscured the heroic figure from the common reader and establishes the
Krishna of the Mahabharata War as the role model for the youth of the
country.
Reviews and Comments
J. Dalhman (ed)
Genesis de Mahabharata
Berlin (1899).
R.N. Dandekar (ed)
The Mahabharata Revisited
(Sahitya Akademi, New
Delhi, 1990).
Being proceedings of an international seminar on the epic held in
February 1987 with extremely useful studies and a superb valedictory
address by Padma Sri P. Lal.
Sadashiv A. Dange
(All published by Aryan Books International, New Delhi)
G. N. Das
Lessons from the Mahabharata
Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi.
Madhusraba Dasgupta
Samsad Companion to the Mahabharata
Sahitya
Samsad, Calcutta,
(1999)
Runs to 592 large sized pages split into 8 chapters and covers
major references and cross-references, not arranged in dictionary form
like Sorensen's concordance on the epic.
1. One line description of the
subject of each chapter of the epic
2. Identities, i.e. the different classes of beings referred to
3. The ancient world�its rivers, lakes, mountains, kingdoms, cities,
villages, pilgrimage
centres, a section of modern locations of some places
4. Races, tribes, castes.
5. Formation of troops, weapons, accessories (a valuable section as
this is not found in Sorensen's Index to MBH)
6. Some specific terms and names
7. Characters
8. Other names of individuals.
The Appendices provide valuable genealogical tables: the Brahma lineage
of sages; the lineage of Vasus, of Kashyapa; the Puru lineage in two
distinct versions.
Wm. Theodore De Bary (ed.)
Approaches to the Oriental Classics: Asian Literature
and Thought in General Education
(1959),
Columbia University Press, New York.
R. De Smet and J. Neuner (eds.)
Religious Hinduism
(1964),
St. Paul Publications, Allahabad.
Bibek Debroy,
Dipavali Debroy
Some Aspects of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata
(1990).
C.R. Deshpande
M
Transmission of the Mahabharata Tradition
(Indian
Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, 1978)
Shashi Deshpande
The Stone Woman and other stories
(Writers Workshop, Calcutta)
Fascinating stories featuring Amba, Draupadi, Duryodhana, Kunti,
Nahusha's queen, Sita and Lakshmi, some in the autobiographical mode.
S. Devi
The Essence of Mahabharata
Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi.
Georges Dumezil
The Destiny of a King
(Translated by
Alf Hiltebeitel) , The University of Chicago Press
(1973).
Kirsti Evans
Epic Narratives in the Hoysala
Temples : The Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavata Purana in Halebid, Belur
and Amrtapura
(1997).
Gian Guiseppe Filippi, Bruno Marcolongo
Kampilya: Quest for a Mahabharata City
D.K. Printworld, New Delhi
(1999).
Contents: Preface. 1. Geoarchaeological observations in Doab plain
through advanced remote sensing methodology/Bruno Marcolongo. 2.
Kampilya: one site on more sites?/Annamaria Dallaporta and Lucio
Marcato. 3. Mahabharata reminiscences in some villages near Kampil/L.
Arnoldo and G. Fuggetta.
"Kampil (Farrukhabad District, U.P.) is a typical Indian village in the
fertile terrain of the Ganga Yamuna Doab. Known for its long, glorious
past, the village has, since A. Cunningham's visit here in 1878,
compelled increasing attention of the archaeologists seeking to explore
its possible identity with Kampilya,the city, described in the
Mahabharata story, as the fabulous capital of Drupad's south Pancala
Kingdom."
"The question of Kampil-Kampilya identity was examined afresh by
a multidisciplinary research team, on the basis of IRS Satellite
multispectral images of the mid-Ganga plain, a predictive
geo-archaeological model, and field surveys. Which, in turn, led
researchers to the discovery of a complex of ruins: the remains of a
fortified structure, locally called Drupad Kila?about five kilometers
upstream of the Kampil village."
"Set out here are the preliminary findings of this multidisciplinary
research, including (a) a study of the late Holocene Palaeohydographic
evolution of Doab region around Drupad Kila site and the influence of
geomorphology/environmental resources on the human historical
settlements; (b) an archaeological report, based on the surface survey
of the discovered site; and (c) a socio-ethnological study of the
villages around the Kila complex. Carried out during 1996-98, these
studies: each contributed by the area specialist (s) of the research
team, addressed specifically the question whether the Drupad-Kila
complex answers to the description of Mahabharata city of Kampilya."
"Visualizing the manifold importance of Kampilya?beyond just the
archaeological event, the editors have created a holistic "Kampilya
Project" to retrieve the cultural and environmental potentialities of
the Drupad-Kila complex and its peripheral areas" (jacket)
Richard Armando Frasca
Theatre of the Mahabharata :
Terukkuttu Performances in South India
University of
Hawai Press, Honolulu, Hawai (1990).
A.K. Ganesan
Valmiki's Ramayana and Vyasa's Mahabharata:
joint and comparative study
(Higginbothams, Madras, 1981).
He examines characters, themes of both epics side by side and their
implications for society.
U. N. Ghoshal
A History of Indian Political Ideas
(1959),
Oxford University Press.
P. K. Gode et al.
Critical Studies in the Mahabharata
Vol. 1 of Sukthankar Memorial Edition (1944),
Karnatak Publishing House.
R.P. Goldman
Gods, priests and warriors:
the Bhrgus of the Mahabharata
(Columbia Univ. Press, 1977)
Taking off from V.S. Sukthankar's seminal study of the Bhargavisation of
the epic text, the translator and editor of the critical text of the
Ramayana provides fascinating insights about the Bharagava priests in the
epic.
L. Gonzalez-Reimann
The Mahabharata and the Yugas
Peter Lang, New
York
(2002).
Maggi Lidchi Grassi
The Battle of Kurukshetra,
The Legs of the Tortoise,
The Great Golden Sacrifice
(Writers Workshop, Calcutta and Roli Books,
New Delhi)
Review by Pradip Bhattacharya
N. L. Gupta
Education and values in the
Mahabharata
S.P. Gupta, K.S. Ramachandran (eds.)
Mahabharata: Myth and Reality, Differing views
Agam Prakashan, Delhi (1976).
Lafcadio Hearn
Stray leaves from strange literature; stories reconstructed
from
the Anvari-Sohehili, Baitbal Pachbisbi, Mahabharata, Pantchatantra,
Gulistan, Talmud, Kalewala, etc.
G. Held
Mahabharata: An Ethnological Study
Amsterdam (1935).
Peter Hill
Fate, Predestination and Human Action in the Mahabharata: A
Study in the History of Ideas
Motilal Banarsidass, New
Delhi,
(2001).
A. Hiltebeitel
Ernst Horrwitz
A Short History of Indian Literature
(1907),
T. Fisher Unwin, London.
E. Washburn Hopkins
The Great Epic of India : Character and Origin of the
Mahabharata
(1901),
Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi (1993).
Wilhelm von Humboldt
On the Episode of the Mahabharata Known by the Name Bhagavad
Gita
G.W.F. Hegel,
Herbert Herring, (Eds), Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi
(1995).
Ram Chandra Jain
Jaya: The original nucleus of Mahabharata
Agama Kala Prakashan, Delhi (1979).
Rekha Jhanji
M
Human Condition in the Mahabharata
Indian Institute of Advanced Study Book, 79 Pages, January 1995.
The topics are: "being human" that deals with what the epic states about
human birth, the gunas, the tension between destiny and human effort;
"interpersonal relationships" dealing with what constitutes the 4 varnas,
the 4 purusharthas, the parent-child, husband-wife, friendship relations.
What is curious is her description of Kunti, Draupadi, Gandhari as helpless
women--quite a male viewpoint from a woman! Nor she deal with the unique
relationship between Krishna and Draupadi, of sakha and sakhi, or notice the
intensity of Krishna's love for Arjuna that is voiced when he brings
Parikshit back to life. The relationship between Bhishma and Dhritarashtra
is not examined although here the patriarch's status is overshadowed by the
relationship between ruler and ruled. The last lecture is on "the purpose of
life", the 4 ashramas, the inexorable erosion of dharma from Satya to Kali,
the belief in atman and paramatman, with the demons challenging the dharmic
edifice where one's karma is one's destiny, and the devas upholding it
through the pandavas and krishna. The introduction and the epilogue are
thought provoking.
S. Jayal
The Status of women in the Epics
New Delhi (1966).
Swami Jyotirmayananda
Way to Liberation : Moksha
Dharma of Mahabharata
(1976)
Swami Jyotirmayananda
Mysticism of the Mahabharata
Iravathy Karve
Yugantha: The end of an epoch
Sangam Press, Poona and
Orient Longman, New Delhi
(1974).
R.C. Katz
Arjuna in the Mahabharata
(Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1989)
A comprehensive survey of the role of Arjuna in the epic at three levels:
hero, human weakness, devotee.
Norbert Klaes
Conscience and Consciousness: Ethical Problems of the Mahabharata
Dharmaram College, Bangalore, India (1975).
P. Kodandaramayya
The message of Mahabharata
(Bharataiya Vidya Bhavan)
P. Lal
The Man of Dharma and the Rasa of Silence
(long poem, Writers
Workshop, Calcutta)
P. Lal (ed)
Vyasa's Mahabharata: Creative Insights
2 vols
(Writers Workshop, Calcutta, 1992, 1985)
Nearly 1200 pages of engrossing poetry, fiction, critiques, criticism and
book reviews on the epic.
Reviews and Comments on some articles
James W. Laine
Vision of God:
Narratives of Thephany in the Mahabharata
Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi.
Paule Lerer
Pamela Lothspeich
Swami Madhavananda and R. C. Majumdar
R. C. Majumdar
Subash Mazumdar
Kuttikrishna Marar
B.K. Matilal (ed)
Jyotsna Maurya
Kevin McGrath
This is a study of the hero Karna as he appears in epic
Mahabharata. In this view, Karna is the paradigmatic
hero of the poem.
The study also uses the text to generate a model of
what constitutes heroism in the epic.
Epic is defined at ksatriya poetry of a preliterate
culture.
The nature of the Sanskrit hero, as he appears in
literature, is the focus of the study: Karna supplying
the particular from which a general model is derived.
J.K. Meyer
B. N. Misra
K.C. Mishra
Promatha Nath Mullick
Promatha Nath Mullick
K.M. Munshi
S.P. Narang (ed)
K. E. Narayanacarya
Sister Nivedita
Sister Nivedita
Arjunsinh K. Parmar (ed)
Buddha Prakash
A.D. Pusalkar
S. Radhakrishnan (ed.)
Pratibha Ray
Edward P. Rice
P.V. Ramankutty
Saroj Bharadwaj
T.S. Rukmani (ed)
Epic Undertakings- Volume 2
Shivaji Sawant
Shivaji Sawant
Amreeta Sen
Sisir Kumar Sen
Arvind Sharma
Rama Karana Sarma
Shalini
Shah
G. P. Singh
K. S. Singh
D.C. Sircar (ed)
Mary Carroll Smith
Satyagraha Hoerip Soeprobo
S. Sorensen
M.V. Subramanian
B.M. Sullivan
Bhagwan Singh Suryavanshi
V.S. Sukthankar
Nicholas Sutton
Rabindranath Tagore
M.M. Thakur
Shashi Tharoor
Meera Uberoi
Manju M Rani Verma
Barend A. van Nooten
M.T. Vasudevan Nair
Dr. E. Vedvyasa
Dhairyabala P. Vora
J. Talboys Wheeler
Julian F. Woods
M. R. Yardi
Astrological Key to
Mahabharata
translated by David White,Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
Epic Nation
Oxford University Press (2009).
Great Women of India
(1953) Calcutta.
History and Culture of Indian People. Vol. II
(1951),
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
Mahabharata is Believable: It Could Have Been
Thus
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai
A Journey Through
Mahabharata
(translated from Malayalam by P.V. Menon,
Published by Kerala Sahitya Akademi, Trichur, Kerala, India
(1989).
Moral Dilemmas in Mahabharata
(Motilal Banarsidass,
Delhi, 1989)
A highly philosophical examination of moral issues faced by characters in
the epic and how, if at all, these are resolved.
Amulets and Pendants in Ancient Mahabharata
Motilal Banarssidas,
Delhi,
(2001).
The Sanskrit Hero
Brill, 2004.
Sexual Life in Ancient India
(1930),
London. (Translated from the German)
A Mahabharata dictionary
Tribes in the Mahabharata : A
Socio Cultural Study
(1987).
The Mahabharata as a History and a Drama
(1939),
Thacker Spink and Co,. Calcutta. Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, New
Delhi.
The Mahabharata As It Was, Is and Ever Shall Be: A
Critical Study
(1934),
Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, New
Delhi.
Krishnavatara 7 volumes,
unfinished, Bharatiya Vidya
Bhavan, Mumbai.
Modern Evaluation of the Mahabharata
(Prof. R.K. Sharma
felicitation volume), Nag Publishers, Delhi, 1995.
43 scholarly essays, many valuable, by Indian and foreign scholars.
The role of Sri Krishna in the Mahabharata
Footfalls of Indian History
The Web of Indian Life
Critical Perspectives on the Mahabharata
Sarup, New Delhi, 2002, 132 p., ISBN 81-7625-273-5.
Contents: 1. Political thoughts in the epics/Kana Chattopadhyay. 2. From
Vedic "Sahadharmacanini" to "Pativrata" of the Mahabharata: a feminist
perspective of the changing scenerio of women in ancient India/Tapati
Mukherjee. 3. The role of elderly characters in Mahabharata: a modern
perspective/Nutan Kulshrestha and Chavi Kulshrestha. 4. Duryodhana: a
tragic Hero in Urubhanga/B.S. Nimavat. 5. Kurukshetra: Darshak's
artistic adaptation of the Theme of the Mahabharata/Dushyant B. Nimavat.
6. Vidur Niti in the Mahabharata/Ami Upadhyay. 7. The greatness of Vidura
Neeti in the Mahabharata/R. Sampath. 8. "Theory of Karma revisited"/B.N.
Mulimani and Vijaykumar M. 9. The concept of Karma-Yoga in the
Bhagavad Gita/Subray M. Bhat. 10. Moral teachings of the Bhagvad
Gita/P.M. Dinesh. 11. The mysticism of divine love in the Bhagavad Gita
and the divine comedy/Hitesh Parmar. 12. The philosophy of disinterested
action in the Bhagavad Gita/Smita D. Mehta. 13. Taoist Wu-Wei,
Derrida's Freeplay and Krishna' Nishkam Karma-Yoga in the
Mahabharat/Nidhi Tiwari. 14. The Mahabharata and science/Mihir J.
Joshi. 15. Social institutions as means of social control during the age
of the Mahabharata: a study/Rushikesh N. Upadhyay.
"Critical Perspectives
on the Mahabharata edited by Arjunsinh K. Parmar is a unique collection
of scholarly essays on the Mahabharata. The book contains scholarly
research papers written by Tapati Mukherjee, Mihir J. Joshi and Hitesh
Parmar among others. Some of the papers included in this book focus on
the various aspects of the Bhagvad Gita. The Mahabharata is getting
popularity these days all over the world. The concept of Dharma and
Adharma as depicted in this particular epic is unique. The Bhagvad Gita
contains a practical solution to every intricate problem partaining to
life. The present volume represents a wide spectrum of critical responses
to the Indian epic^�the Mahabharata. The book will, be an asset to those
who wish to study Indian epics in particular." (jacket)
Political and Social Movements in Ancient Punjab
(1964),
New Delhi.
Studies in Epics and Puranas of India
(1955),
Bombay.
History of Philosophy Eastern and Western, Vol. 1
(1952),
Allen & Unwin, London.
Yajnaseni
(Oriya). English translation (from Rupa) by
Pradip Bhattacharya); Draupadi, Bengali translation by
Smt. Suprobhat Bhattacharya);
also in Hindi, Malayalam.
The Mahabharata: Analysis and Index
(1934),
Oxford University Press.
Curse as a motif in the Mahabharata
Nag Publishers,
Delhi, 1999, pp.235
Cult of word and concept of curse from Vedas to Tantra, Mimamsa,
Bhartrihari; curse and metamorphosis and metempsychosis; curse and
low birth; disrespect to elders; curse and oath; blessing and boon;
imagination and curse; Karna's predicament; destiny and curse and end
of Krishna.
The concept of Daiva in the Mahabharata
Nag
Publishers, Delhi, 1992, pp.162.
Deals with derivation and synonyms of Daiva; references to it in the
epic; references regarding Daiva as the driving force; Daiva
and Purushakara and the concept of free will the trinity of daiva,
karma and the doctrine of transmigration; philosophy of the concept
of aiva' covering rita and purushartha (karma) in the Vedas, niyati
in Upanishads, bhagya and karmaphala in puranas, niyati and daiva in
Ramayana, dishtivada and bhavachakra in dhammapada, karma-ashaya in
nyaya darshana, adrishta in vaisheshika, cause and effect in samkhya,
karma in purva mimamsa and uttara mimamsa, kala tattva in Mahabharata.
The concepts of religion in the Mahabharata
Nag
Publishers, Delhi, 1980, pp.179.
, 1980, pp.179.
Various theories of creation (materialistic, dualistic,
spiritualistic, scholastic, ethical, mythical); various types of
morality (ascetic, non-violence and truth, self-restraint,
forgiveness, conscience, concentration, renunciation, non-possession,
non-attachment, self-sacrifice, contentment, impartiality, goodwill,
modesty, endurance, goodness, fortitutde, social morality, duties of
4 orders, 4 stages of life, respect for elders, self-sacrifice,
gratitude and friendliness, worship of guests, virtuous conduct); the
concept of deity [as malevolent, related to calamities, representing
natural phenomenon, rivers, mountains, semi-divine, birds and
animals, heroes, abstract, symbolical (Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Indra,
Yama, Kubera, Ganesa); religious practices (violent sacrifices, non-
violent sacrifices, metaphorical sacrifice, pilgrimages, shraddhas,
donations, temples and image worship, fasts); the ways of life
(knowledge, renunciation, austerity, devotion,
mental discipline, spiritual equilibrium, action, duty, detached
mind, fellow-feeling).
The Mahabharata: What is not
here is nowhere else
Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 2005,
320 pages,
being proceedings of
the international
conference at Concordia University, Montreal, 18-20 May 2001.
Contents:
1. M. M. Deshpande: Interpreting the MBH. Looking at Jaya, Bharata, Mahabharata as
3 stages
(Ashvalayana Grihyasutra refers to teachers of Bharata and Mahabharata
separately), he looks at
the differences in the narrative because of the narrator, the patron and the
audience. He
concludes that krishna's divinity is randomly introduced without its
narrative
force being carried
through consistently. Most important is his pointer that the text was composed
by sudras and/or
for sudras who were allotted the anushtubh metre (cf. arvind sharma's
paper "of
sudras, sutas,
slokas".
Mary Carroll Smith argues that the parts in trishtubh metre are the
older core, this
metre being linked with kshatriyas. If Vidura was the father of Yudhishthira,
this hidden sudra
motif becomes believable. Note that the Arjuna Subhadra marriage is a cross
cousin marriage
celebrated highly in the southern versions but just mentioned in the
northern, difference audiences
dictate different narrative structures. Sauti has to make a bloody war palatable
to brahmin
audience in a forest, so there is a lot of brahminical stuff in the adi parva. a
de-kshatryized
Anugita is because of this. When in the gita does Arjuna know Krishna is God? In
4.4 why does he
doubt how Krishna could teach this to Vivasvat? If Arjuna is unaware till ch.4
of Krishna as God,
why should be focus his mind ON ME as urged in 2.61? Why is he not surprised
at the supernatural
description Krishna gives of himself in 3.22-24? If he knew this, how can he be
surprised in
chapter 4? After the revelation in ch. 4, the next chapter opens as if there has
been no
revelation and it is like the start of chapter 3! Even after ch.11, the start of
12 is an
anti-climax that seems to continue from 10.10 as if the theophany had not
occurred at all.
Deshpande urges that we understand why later layers developed, who added them,
for what purpose
these interpolations. The differing interpretations seeking to provide
consistency such as
Nilakantha's advaitic, Madhva's dvaita-vaishnava, Tilak's violence
justifying
and Gandhiji's
non-violence promoting need to be studied.
2. Barbara Gombach's thesis was on the ancillary stories in the epic: 45 in adi,
80 in aranyaka,
158 in shanti, 84 in anushasana, none in masuala, mahaprasthanika, svargarohana.
In the article on
how MBH came to become a Smriti she analyses the Kunti-Pandu dialogue in which
they throw stories
at each other over interpreting Manu's dictates regarding surrogate parentage.
The stories show
the dilemma Kunti and Pandu face is not unique but has been resolved in the
past, thus the birth
of Pandavas is woven into a sacred tradition. This pattern is repeated in
Yudhishthira's questions
to Bhishma, in Draupadi's marriage, in arguing whether killing is justified in
shanti parva.
Gombach argues that the Mimamsa rules for debates seem to have been followed to
convince an
audience of brahmins. The stories also create tension in the narrative by
holding up the action
dramatically. Composed as a smriti the epic was an effort by some brahminical
religious elites to
make sense of their relilgious traditions in a world much changed from the
pastoral society where
those traditions had developed.
3. Knut Jacobsen's article on Kapila in the MBH shows there are 2 different
figures with this
name, one a vedic ascetic feared for his powers (Sagara's sons burnt up), the
other non-violent
who protects a cow from sacrifice (Kapila gita in shanti parva). The former is
relevant for the
pre-battle situation (Aranyaka and Udyoga parvas), the latter for the
post-battle. The Gita
reference to Kapila is to the warrior ascetic.
4. Peter Scharf presents an account of his web based study Sanskrit reader of
Ramopakhayana giving
the Devanagari text, Roman transliteration, analysis of sandhi, inflection,
glossary, prose
paraphrases, syntactic and cultural notes, english translation at
http://sanskritlibrary.org
5. Greg Bailey's paper on Dharma shows that Vyasa is aware the foundations of
dharma are not
beyond question, by analysing the dicing, the draupadi-yudhisthira debate in the
forest, the repentance
after battle of Yudh vis a vis his brothers' arguments.
6. G. J. Larson has an unusual analysis of a tale about a brahmin Sharvilaka of
Magadha told by the
psychologist Girindrasekhar Bose to show that theft and killing are part of life
and being human,
and applies it to the 3 layer meaning of the gita: adhidaivika, adhibhautika and
adhyatimka.
7. Nick Sutton's article studies the 3 domains of svadharma, sadharanadharma and
ascetic dharma,
and how tensions arise among them in the post-buddhist context in which the
major story of the
epic was composed. Thus, Janaka who is the exemplar of karma yoga in the gita is
condemned by
Sulabha as pretentious in Shanti parva.
8. Julian Woods studies daiva and purushakara in tension in the epic-fate and
human initiative.
Even free will is destiny finally, the sense of doership being fate in disguise.
9. Aditya Adarkar analyses Karna in term of Tillich's anxiety of
meaninglessness contrasted to
Socratic heroism. His courage is not dependant on any external factor but rooted
in his own
understanding of dharma.
10. Christopher Chapple's study of Karna is as tragic hero, an everyman with
whom all can
identify. He contrasts Krishna's dialogues with Karna and with Arjuna, both in
chariots, as models
for ethical decision making. Karna is a romantic while Arjuna is a pragmatist.
11. Gautam Chatterjee analyses the 3 promises Bhishma made on de-ontological and
then on
teleologcal grounds, declaring Bhishma’s condemnation of himself after the
battle was too
sweeping. Bhishma stuck to the letter not the spirit of his words. His emotional
response to his
father tarnished his devotion to dharma.
12. E. Harzer speculates if Bhishma could be a vratya. He is economically
dependant on kauravas,
is the eldest and sexless—all being vratya traits.
13. T.S. Rukmani studies Yudhisthira in context of the rajadharma and apaddharma sections,
comparing rama who
is inferior as a model of dharma. these 2 sections perform a cathartic function
purging Yudhisthira's mind
of misgivings about his conduct.
14. Lisa Crothers uses Bharavi's Kiratarjuniyam to argue that kings see through
the eyes of
another where advice is given, as Vidura to Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana. Choice
of bad advisers
dooms the kingdom.
15. P. Greer shows Udyogaparva is a vital link to what is before and after,
showing the epic is a
unity. She uses the indrajala image of the Gandavyuha sutra to analyse the
structure The net
is a thing of countless multiplicity encompassing an essential oneness
each
segment of the
Mahabharata's complex structure, each of its vivid poems and stories, while
discreet in itself,
reflects the others and is connected to them in an intricate pattern by looking
attentively at a
single part of it, and to what is reflected (of the rest) in that part, we will,
in some sense,
experience the net of the Mahabharata. Indra's Net is curved like space and
time. It is both
entire and endless, like the net of the Mahabharata. We regard it in wonder, as
have its audiences
for long centuries. Its myriad voices speak to us, answer and do not answer,
like the stars at
night. She takes 3 episodes of the udyoga parva to show this: Vidura's
discourse to
Dhritarashtra, followed by Sanatsujatiya to Dhritarashtra, Kunti's message of
Vidula;s
exhortation.
16. E. Hudson, Heaven's riddles or the hell trick: theodicy and narrative
strategies takes up
theodicy in the epic, the rationale for explaining suffering, analysing the dice
game, the
Uttanka-Krishna dialogue and Duryodhana's death scene, showing that suffering
exists totally in
the nature of things. Which is really heaven? If, as Indra says to Y, the
virtuous have to first
experience hell for a short time and then reach heaven, then the heaven
Y sees
first with
Duryodhana esconced on a throne and the hell he visits where he hears the
voices of his
brothers, neither is what it appears to be. Further, Dharma tells him he alone
can go to heaven in
his body, yet after being in hell Dharma urges him to bathe in the river to
shed his body and
join his family in heaven! The epic thus provides 2 distinct readings and
messages which each
reader receives according to the care with which he/she has followed the text.
The careful reader
realizes that he/she has a stake in finding Duryodhana in hell and Pandavas in
heaven to make
sense of the awful suffering the former caused the latter. But, the text shows
heaven and hell are
illusions, leaving suffering as a fundamental feature of human existence which
cannot be wholly
understood or justified or rationalized away. This disclosure is the tragic
theodicy of the epic.
17. B. Preciado-Solis has a brief paper on the Mausala parva showing Krishna
paralleling
Parashurama in destroying kshatriyas as nemesis.
18. B. N. Narahari Achar determines the date of thw war using Planetarium
software beginning with
Krishna's journey to Hastinapura and ending with Bhishma's death. He agrees with
Raghavan in
fixing the war in 3067 BC, rejecting Kochar's 955 BC, Siddhartth's 1311 BC and
Sengupta's 2449 BC.
He concludes that Krishna left on 26 Sept 3067 BC, reaching Hastinapura on 28
Sept. leaving with
Karna on 9 Oct. A solar eclipse occurred with the new moon on 14 Oct, with
Saturn at Rohini and
Jupiter at Revati exactly as given in the epic. The war began on 22 Nov 3067 BC.
Bhishma expired
on 17 Jan 3066 BC (Magh Shukla Ashtami), the winter solstice occurring on 13 Jan
3066. The
relevant sky maps are reproduced in plates.
19. Swasti Bhattacharya in Voices from Hinduism's past: Kunti and
Gandhari's
victory over
infertility, draws parallels between modern in-vitro fertilization, sperm
banks, genetic
selection and the way in which the Pandavas were born, comparing the Hebraic
traditions, for
showing the ancient principles that can enrich modern bio-ethical discussions.
20. T.C. Reichs, The Critic of ritual as ritual reviler in the Ashvamedhika
Parva shows many
episodes in the parva dealing with the problem of violence in war and in
sacrifice through ritual
reviling, based on the anugita's dialogue between adhvaryu and yati, the
half-golden mongoose
story, the Uttanka-Krishna dialogue. Ritual reviling enables conservative
ritualists to show their
critics as ritual revilers, deflecting the political damage of external
criticism and including
more than one point of view about sacrifices without having to abandon their
commitment to vedic
forms.
21. Saklani and RS Negi, The living legend of raja Duryodhanin the Garhwal
Himalayas shows
that it is not a fossil culture continuing from the epic age but a re-enactment
of epic lore
imported from outside in folklore that has waned post-independence. There is no
evidence of any
tradition supporting the Kauravas and casting the Pandavas as villains. Local
cults of Somesu and
Mahasu have been transformed into Duryodhana and Rama. Currently the worship of
Duryodhana is
being rejected, preferring to term the idol as Someshwara Mahadevan instance
of high
Sanskritisation.
Motilal Banarsidass, 400 pages, rs.600.
Contents:
horst brinkhaus: manu vaivasvata as shraddhadeva- -the insertion of the
pitrikalpa into the harivamsha.
john brockington: valmiki's portrayal of hanuman
mary brockington: husband or slave? interpreting the hero of the mbh
(yudhishthira and the dice game)
simon brodbeck: husbands of earth--kshatriyas, females and female kshatriyas
in the striparvan
nicolas dejenne: trihsaptakrtvah- -significance of the number 'thrice seven'
in the rama jamadagnya myth of mbh
danielle feller: the stroy of asita devala and jaigishavya in mbh 9.49
james fitzgerald: a preliminary study of the 681 trishtubh passages of mbh
robert goldman: to wake a sleeping giant--valmiki' s accounts of the life
and death of kumbhakarna
sally sutherland goldman: sita's war--gender and narrative in the
yuddhakanda of valmiki's ram.
alf hiltebeitel: authorial paths throught the 2 skt epics via the
ramopakhyana
mislac jezic: the relationship between the bhagavadgita and the vedic
upanishads-- parallels and relative chronology
paolo magnone: patterns of tejas and kshama in the epics
ram karan sharma: some aspects of the character of bhishma in the mbh
georg von simson: the mbh as a source of inspiration for vishakhadatta' s
drama mudrarakshasa
renate sohnen-thieme: indra in the harivamsha
muneo tokunaga: bhishma's discourse as a shokapanodana
M. V. Rama Sarma
Milton
and the Indian epic tradition : a study of Paradise lost, the Ramayana, and
the
Mahabharata
Mrityunjay - the Death of Karna
(Marathi). English
translation by P. Lal & N. Nopany, (Writers Workshop, Calcutta); Hindi
(Bharatiya Jnanpith)
Some Reviews and Comments
Yugandhar
(Hindi, Bharatiya Jnanpith, New Delhi)
Kurukshetra - a long poem
(long
poem;(Writers
Workshop, Calcutta)
Quest for the origin of Bharata Samhita and
the Mahabharata Story
(Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1995).
Originally
published in Bengali in brief 1983.
Essays on the Mahabharata
(E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1991)
An extremely important collection of scholarly studies on various aspects
of the epic.
Elements of Poetry in the Mahabharata
Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi (1988).
The Making of Womanhood : Gender Relations in the
Mahabharata
Manohar, Delhi (1995).
Kavita A. Sharma
Queens of Mahabharata
(Rupa, 2006)
Has study of Gandhari (not much depth) and "warrior queens" referring to
Ulupi, Chitrangada and a detailed account of the story of Alli
for which the book should be read.
Early Indian Historical Tradition and Archeology: Puranic
Kingdoms and Dynasties with Genealogies, Relative Chronology and Date of
Mahabharata War
Motilal Banarsidass, New
Delhi,
(1994).
The Mahabharata in the Tribal and Folk Traditions of India
Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla, India (1993).
The Bharata War and Puranic Genealogies
(Calcutta
University, 1969).
Being proceedings of a seminar held in 1965 in the Department of Ancient
Indian History and Culture in the Calcutta University, containing
valuable papers on the epic war and archaeology and on puranic dynasties.
The Warrior Code of India's Sacred Song
(Harvard Dissertations in
Folklore and Oral Tradition)
(1992).
Bisma : warrior priest of the
Mahabharata
An Index to the Names in Mahabharata
Motilal Banarsidass, New
Delhi
(1978).
The Mahabharata Story: Vyasa and Variations
(Higginbothams, Madras, 1967).
A wonderfully concise yet thorough study of every episode of the original
epic and the variations found in Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Andhra
versions and the plays of Bhasa, Venisamhara, Sisupalavadham,
Kiratarjuniyam. He ends with the disappearance of Ashvatthama, following
Villi's Tamil and Kumara Vyasa's Kannada retellings.
Seer of the Fifth Veda
(Motilal Banarsidass, 1999,
originally from Leiden 1990 as Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa^Wa new
interpretation).
An excellent study focusing on the composer of the epic and the roles he
plays in it.
Geography of the Mahabharata
(1986).
On the Meaning of the Mahabharata
(Asiatic Society of
Bombay, 1957).
A seminal work on the epic by the chief editor of its critical text and
an outstanding example of higher criticism that goes behind the
appearance to probe the underlying reality.
Religious Doctrines in the Mahabharata
(Motilal
Banarsidass, Delhi, 2000)
Analyses various doctrinal answers to ontological questions, showing the
rich diversity of religious thought in the epic existing in tension,
allowing exploration.
Bidaya Abhishaap (Kacha and Devayani) and
Gandharir Abedan
(Gandhari's Plea)
English transcreation by
Shyamashree Lal.
Thus Spake Bhishma
(Motilal Banarsidass, 1992)
Narrates the life of Bhishma as if spoken by him.
Review by Pradip Bhattacharya
The Great Indian Novel
Penguin.
Review
by Prdip Bhattacharya who also reviews the Peter Brook film on the epic. Read the review
here
Review
by R.P. Goldman
who also reviews the Peter Brook film on the epic. Read the review
here
Leadership Secrets from the Mahabharata
Motilal Banarsidass, New
Delhi
Ethical elements of
Mahabharata
Mahabharata Attributed to Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa
(New York: Twayne Publishers, 1971)
Second Turn (novel)
(Macmillan, English translation)
Ancient Bhagavad Gita
(USCEFI, Hyderabad)
Evolution of Morals in the Epics (Mahabharata and
Ramayana
(1959),
Popular Book Depot, Bombay.
The History of India. (Vol. I. The Vedic Period and the
Mahabharata
(1867),
N. Trubner & Co.
Destiny and Human Initiative in the Mahabharata
State University of New York Press (2001).
Epilogue of Mahabharata
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.